6: how much do we Know?

Even if you throw most of those little pieces into the trash, the ones that remain might well give you enough information to reconstruct the message on the paper. Since then, I've gotten a bit more used to our ever-increasing connectivity; the other day, I actually spent a half-hour exchanging a stream of back-and-forth e-mails with an old colleague who now lives in France, only to be interrupted by an instant message from another friend in the north of England. Satellites normally orbit planets in Keplerian orbits, named after the 17th century astronomer Johannes Kepler, who wrote the mathematically equations that describe how satellites move. So I look forward to the inevitable day when I'll be exchanging witticisms and complaining about the weather with someone who's in orbit above me. The notion of, say, sending live, streaming video from Mars to Earth may not seem that far-out to a member of the millennial generation, who grew up in an age when having a cell phone conversation with someone on the other side of the planet is no big deal. ­People who lease cars, motorcycles or boats, or even those who purchase these vehicles with monthly payments, are sometimes surpri­sed to find that the bank will reclaim the vehicle if the bills aren't paid.

Unlike the protocol used on Earth, DTN doesn't assume a continuous end-to-end connection will exist, and it hangs onto data packets that it can't immediately send, until the connection is re-established. But back on Earth, those monitoring the mission would still face the challenge of trying to pick up signals from the starship and filter out the ambient electromagnetic noise of space -- a task made even more difficult by the Earth's atmosphere, which would weaken the signals. You can do this without a partner as well, although running back and forth between outlets and breakers is time- and labor-intensive. I got a little shock a few years back, when I contacted a source for an article by e-mail, and got a call back from him -- via Skype -- from Afghanistan, where he had traveled for a business project. That gave the Project Icarus think tank the idea of using that effect to focus and boost transmissions from a distant spacecraft. The way they would do it, admittedly, is a little tough for a non-physicist to fathom: A spacecraft capable of receiving communications transmissions would be positioned in interstellar space opposite the direction that the starship is going, about 51 billion miles (82 billion kilometers) away from the sun.

The scientists and futurists working on Project Icarus -- a speculative attempt to design a starship capable of reaching the nearest neighboring star system, about 2.35 trillion miles (3.78 trillion kilometers) away -- spent a lot of time thinking about how such a ship might stay in contact with the Earth as it journeyed across the enormity of interstellar space. To maximize the ability to do that, Project Icarus' planners have suggested building several solar system receiving stations, which would be enormous arrays of antennas stretching for many miles in different locations on Earth. Galea, Pat. "Project Icarus: The Interstellar Communication Problem." Discovery News. Pat Galea explained to Discovery News in 2012. "The transmitter power on Icarus could be ramped down to much lower levels without impacting the available data rate, or if the power is kept the same, we could be receiving much more data than a direct link would provide." Ingenious as it might seem, however, the scheme also has some Jupiter-sized complications. Traditional telegraph cables were improved with the incorporation of more efficient insulators, such as gutta percha and rubber, which allowed the transmission of signals over long distances underwater.

Inside our solar system, the distances are so great that easy, instantaneous back-and-forth communication of the sort that we're accustomed to on Earth -- a Skype-style video conversation, for example -- isn't really feasible, at least with present technology. That put the kibosh on prospects of a cosmic neutrinophone, at least for the time being. A counterweight, raised and lowered at the same time as the car, works like a seesaw and helps to conserve energy. Finding ways to cook more efficiently -- like using the right appliance for the job -- can help you reduce monthly energy costs. All three flat-panel set types tend to be more expensive than most projection models. The date was November 6, 1936, and Sales Manager William C. Cowling spared no effort in getting the new models off to a good start. But Knee-Action wasn't new for 1936, and neither was the Turret Top, features that had already appeared, respectively, on Chevrolet's 1934 and 1935 Master models. Ford slipped behind Chevrolet in 1936, with sales falling behind those of its arch rival by more than 23 percent. For those with EVs in the U.S., there's this good news: More robust public charging networks will be coming online across the country, as well, by Electrify America.

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