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In the above example, the number in the second bracket can be used for conversion between values of specific resistance in the metric system and in the imperial system. In the metric system, ρ is the resistance of a piece of metal (10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm), that is 1 cm long and has a cross-section of 1 cm2 (see figure below). The resistance of a piece of wire 10 ft long is 100 mΩ. The effect of the material is designated by the Greek letter ρ (rho, pronounced ro), which represents the resistance of a piece of the material with specific dimensions. The principal electrical property of a piece of metal is the resistance R that it shows to the flow of electrical current. The resistance of a piece of any material (even an insulator) to the flow of electricity is proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross-section area.

We've compiled a list of some common car maintenance problems to watch for, whether you service your car yourself or even if you pay a pro to do it for you. It won't even work without a Pro Tools-approved audio interface. But how does electromagnetism work at an infinite range in the large world and a short range at the atomic level? Some people hoped that computer filing systems and e-mail would create a paperless work environment and eliminate issues of miscommunication. A light bulb went off in Misra's caffeinated brain, and he asked a couple of students to work on a project to investigate whether coffee oil could be a feedstock for biodiesel. In 1945, Wipro began manufacturing and selling vegetable oil to Indian housewives. To handle this job, oil companies send out a mobile drilling unit to perform exploratory drilling on a site. Its unit in the metric system is, thus, 1/ohm-meter. Also shown in the table is the temperature coefficient, which represents how much the specific resistance of a metal changes with temperature.

If the specific resistance of copper in the metric system is 1.6779 × 10−8 (Ω.m), find what is it in the imperial system (Ω.CM/ft). Table 1 shows the specific resistance of some metals and nonmetals in the metric system. Table 2 shows the specific resistance of a few metals in the imperial system of measurements. Temperature coefficient: Numerical value (positive for metals) representing how much the specific resistance of material changes with temperature. In addition to this property, for wires and cables, there is another property that determines how much current is allowed to pass through a conductor. R depends also on the material; for example, copper is a much better conductor than iron. This is why wires are made up of copper and not iron. Circular mil: Unit for measuring the thickness (cross section) of wires. Not all conductors have strands with circular cross-section. Also, to increase the conductivity of cables for the same cross-section, some cables have trapezoid shape strands that form circular layers, which resemble tubes of different diameters inside each other (see Figure 4). In this way, more use of space (thus, more conductivity) is made out of the same conductor diameter. More recently, carbon fiber reinforcement cables have been introduced; instead of steel, these electric cables have strands of carbon fiber composite material in the middle.

Carbon fiber composite cable (CFCC) offers desired properties such as less weight and smaller thermal expansion compared with steel. These are some of the more common aluminum conductors: all aluminum conductor (AAC), all aluminum alloy conductor (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy reinforced (ACAR), aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR), aluminum conductor steel supported (ACSS), aluminum conductor carbon fiber reinforced (ACFR), and gap-type aluminum conductor steel reinforced (GTACSR). Figure 2 Typical bare wire conductor. Figure 5 Aluminum conductor with a composite core. This property, called ampacity (made from the two words "ampere" and "capacity"), defines the current capacity of a conductor based on the heat that is generated owing to electrical current, the structure, and material of the conductor, and ambient temperature. It is used to define the current capacity of standard conductors (wires) in different working conditions for safe operation. It would take a lot of time to provide universal access using cable or phone lines, just because of the time it takes to install the wires. In the seven-strand conductor, there are six aluminum strands around one steel cable. There are two types of circuits: feeder and branch.

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